Dopamine transporter phosphorylation site threonine 53 regulates Research Paper

Dopamine transporter phosphorylation site threonine 53 regulates substrate reuptake and amphetamine-stimulated efflux - Research Paper Example (29702). Activities that lead to the reuptake of DAT are crucial for the functionality of the dopaminergic neurons. Dopaminergic disorders, for instance, schizophrenia and depression among others may come about as a result of dysregulation of the transport of DAT, which causes an inequality of dopamine. Commonly abused substances including drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine are often targeted by DAT. In addition, therapeutic agents that treat dopamine complications are also targeted by DAT. Specifically, AMPH and its congeners induce multiple short-term and long-term effects on DAT. The mechanism behind the efflux is related with transporter-generated currents. Various techniques have been used to determine the precise phosphorylation site of DAT. It has been established that that a recombinant peptide containing N-terminal residues 1–65 of rDAT underwent phosphorylation outside living tissues in the presence of proline-guided kinases. It was also established that the precise phosphorylation site in heterologously expressed protein was a threonine residue, which was located at position 53. However, it was vital to ascertain the phosphorylation site using other techniques. The researchers in this paper aimed at determining the role of dopamine transporter phosphorylation site threonine 53 on the reabsorption of the substrate and amphetamine-triggered efflux Foster et al. (29702). The researchers make use of mass spectrometry and a novel antibody that is specific to phosphates to ascertain the presence of DAT phosphorylation at Thr53 in striatal tissue obtained from rodents as well as heterologous expression systems. Cell culture and dopamine transporter mutagenesis was done using Lewis carcinoma cells that were stably expressing WTrDAT (rDAT-LLCPK) (31) or T53A or T53D rDAT and were maintained in alpha minimum essential medium. Dulbeccos modified

High School and Republic High Books Essay Example for Free

High School and Republic High Books Essay Ms. P Andy Lau Argumentative Essay Censorship is the government is control the media, censorship can used to control or protect people. Some groups feel that books with objectionable material should be censored for many different reasons,such as sexual content,against a religion ,bad language,racism violence. I believe that books shouldn’t be censored because we have the right to read it,and it depends on your own personality. Therefore I intend to prove that the banning of books in schools is completely unjustified. In Fahrenheit 451,There is a old women in the story,she is willing to die to not leave her books. It shows that books are so important to us, and our society that she was willing to die rather than give them up,also the character Guy Montag is curious to read those books,she quitted his job for those books. In the article â€Å"You have insulted me â€Å" by kurt Vonnegut. He is angry because his books got burned by the school board. †That’s because people speak coarsely in real life†this shows people speak bad word in real life,so why can’t books have bad words. Both the article supports my opinion that book shouldn’t be banged from high school. †Two books pulled form Republic school library shelves†this article is two of the three Republic High books singled out in a public complaint last year will now removed from the school curriculum and library. Those three books are â€Å"Speak†by Laurie Halse Anderson. Kurt Vonnegut’s†Slaughterhouse Five†and Sarh Ockler’s â€Å"Twenty Boy Summer†. And they didn’t banned â€Å"Speak†because it didn’t describe sex so much,and it has a good message. Also they just banned those books in classroom,students can still read it in library and independence reading . The second article is talking about parents and school districts have debated what books are appropriate for a school library collection and what books should be banned. ACLU didn’t ban books because they say its against the First Amendment . also they said†You clearly can’t remove a book because you disagree with the ideas in them†,this shows books shouldn’t get banned . We have to see different face of books ,bad way and good way. I believe that books should not be censored because books can send us good messages and our imaginary . It also depends on your own personality,if we have a evil mind ,we could only see the evil thing in the books,if we are normal human,we suppose to able to learn something form books,so I am sure that banning of books in schools is completely unjustified.

United States and French Relationship Essay -- World Politics Politica

United States and French Relationship Freedom fries and Chanel boycotts should not be dismissed as isolated and juvenile posturing on the part of the American people. Rather, the visceral reaction to French reluctance to follow the Bush administration into Iraq should be addressed as a substantive and not simply cosmetic distrust Americans share of the French. Kantian country In France, the â€Å"renegade cowboy† George W. Bush is anathema to a country more comfortable with shades of gray than the black and white lenses with which the United States views the world. The US and France rarely see eye to eye on cultural and political issues simply because we do not share the same world view. American eyes view the â€Å"outside† a bit differently than the French and this is at the root of most foreign policy differences. The Hobbesian view of man, largely based on Judeo-Christian beliefs that led to the famous â€Å"axis of evil† appellation, grates French ears. Further, while most French nationals speak a foreign language, travel extensively, and consider themselves global citizens (but alas, are not tous amà ©ricains), recent allegations that John Kerry â€Å"looks French† and even speaks the language have reminded us all that antipathy towards the French and xenophobia persist. Alain de Chalvron of France 2 explains, â€Å"for us, to speak any other language and have an open view of the world, for a President, should be a plus† (Kurlantzick). In France, while Michael Moore is heralded at Cannes for his controversial documentary deploring gun violence in the US, he is maligned as anti-American on US soil. Further, while most Americans view McDonalds as a great symbol of economic prosperity, its exterior wall is now the tableau of choice... ...ldberg071602.asp Huntington, Samuel. 2004. â€Å"Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity†, New York: Simon & Schuster. Kurlantzick, Joshua. 2004. â€Å"Talk of the Town†. The New Yorker. April 19, 2004. Meunier, Sophie. 2000. â€Å"The French Exception†. Foreign Affairs. July, August 2000. Nunberg, Geoffrey. 2003. â€Å"A Lexicon of Francophobia, From Emerson to Fox TV†, The New York Times, February 9, 2003, http://www-csli.standford.edu/~nunberg/francophobia.html Safire, William. 2003. â€Å"Chirac’s Latest Ploy†. The New York Times. April 24, 2003. Tsai, Michael. 2003. â€Å"France-bashing again a popular pastime†. The Olympian. March 9, 2003. http://www.theolympian.com/home/news/20030309/living/17204.shtml Wallis, Frank. 2004. â€Å"Laura Ingraham’s Paranoid Stereotypes†, counterbias.com, May 10, 2004, http://www.counterbias.com/027.html

First day in college Essay

Most people’s first day at college is the most stressful day of their lives because they don’t know what to expect or they just don’t want to go through an embarrassing situation, but for me it was the most exciting day of my life. First, I met new people who shared my interests, second it was a whole new experience for me in which success depended on me, and third it was the first day that I started studying something that I really liked. Finally I won’t forget it very easily because lots of things were accomplished in my first day at UNACH. First I met lots of people who were as excited as me for their first day at college. I really enjoyed that day because everybody I talked to were people who were going to study English with me, so we shared the same interest. My new friends and I talked a lot that day about the first things that crossed our minds, and then we exchanged our emails. In my case I tried to look for the people who where completely interested in the program, the ones that were 100% of what they were doing and that they were not going to drop out the program in afew months. Second, for me it was an amazing experience that I had never gone through in my life. For the first time in my entire life I was studying something that I was really into of. Studying English for me was the best choice because I knew that I was meant to study languages. The other new thing is that succeeding depended exclusively on me; nobody was going to be pushing me to study or to prepare my homework. This new stage in my life was totally new for me and it was something that I had to get used to. Third, it was the first day I started studying something that I really liked, I have always liked languages not just English, But I always said to myself that the first one that I was going to learn world be English. Although I didn’t speak much English I remember that in my first day I tried to practice my English as much as possible, but it was difficult to find the person who dared to speak English. After some unsuccesful tries I found the person who took the risk and she didn’t care about others, she was Leticia. I know that we made lots of mistakes but we didn’t care, we just did our best and were able to understand each other, which was the point. Finally, I won’t forget that day because it was one of the most special moments of my life. That day I received more things of what I had expected, I got friends, I was the first day of my English program, I realized that there was something that I was really good at. Now that I am in my third year and I look back and I see that it was the best choice I have ever made, I have no regrets, these last three years have been the most remarkable and greatest years of my life.

Review of Six Modern Plagues

Title: Six Modern Plagues and How We Are Causing Them Apollo Casco College of DuPage Abstract This paper is a review of the book â€Å"Six Modern Plagues and How We Are Causing Them†. Discussing about the causative agents of each plague and how we increased the severity of each; Mad Cow Disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy), Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), Salmonella, Lyme Disease, Hantavirus, and West Nile Virus. Millions of people have died because of these diseases that can easily transfer from person to person or from animal to person, by eating half cooked meat, or simply a mosquito bite.Keywords: mad cow disease, hiv/aids, salmonella, Lyme disease, Hantavirus, west Nile virus Six Modern Plagues and How We Are Causing Them Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, the technical name for mad cow disease, first struck in a cattle farm in England in 1984. The infected cow started acting strangely. As the disease progresses, the cow developed head tremors and became unsteady, then became violent. The veterinarian who is trying to diagnose what is happening with the cows concluded that the disease is attacking the brain. Further study of the brain of the infected animal revealed a sponge like appearance of the brain.It took sixteen (16) years before the authorities in agriculture pointed out what is causing the disease into the cattle. â€Å"Rendering†, recycling of animal parts that usually go to waste was turned into high protein feed for herbivores like the cows, sheep, and goats. This process was stopped on year 2000. Disregarding the dietary boundaries of animals caused bad effects on the animals itself and into humans as well by consuming their meat. Centers for Disease and Prevention alarmed the public in 1981 about the emergence of an agent capable of suppressing the immune response on humans; a new virus.Because the virus attacks the immune system, they named it â€Å"acquired immunodeficiency s yndrome†. The AIDS virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first found on the blood of a person from Congo who is a part of malaria research; the year was 1959, and this is currently the earliest documented case of HIV-1 infection. While working at Pasteur Institute in Paris, two French virologists, Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, identified the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS in 1983 (Abbott, Allison, & Geoff Brumfiel, 2008).HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, a type of white blood cell that is vital to fighting off infection. The destruction of these cells leaves people infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications (DOH, 2008). A Pan troglodyte troglodytes is a subspecies of chimpanzee was the primary host of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Transfer of bodily fluids from handling of meats of infected animals gave rise to AIDS. From the persons who prepare the meats to be sold to the market got themselves infected through cuts on their skin with blood of the infected animals.The disease will further widen its network through sex from an infected person. Salmonella typhimurium DT104, is a deadly strain that haunted people and livestock agriculture for three (3) years. Salmonella typhimurium bacteria became resistant to antibiotics because of human actions. Farm owners abused the use of antibiotics. Rather than keeping their animals clean, they find it cheaper to use antibiotics to protect them from infection due to crowded and dirty living conditions in the farm. Antibiotics are added into their diet to make them grow a little faster.Newborn calves are given antibiotics to prevent infection. They are weaned immediately after birth deprived of milk from their mother that is rich and full of antibodies. Through the phenomenon known as natural selection, each generation of the bacteria grows more resistant with the continuous exposure to dru gs. Antibiotic Fluoroquinolone worked to treat the bacteria. As most of people know that a bulls-eye rash appears when somebody had a Lyme disease. From the past, the telltale story about the bulls-eye rash was used by physicians as the main diagnostic criteria rendering a negative diagnosis.The truth is, the bulls-eye rash formation only occurs in 9% of cases (Internet, story) Deforestation decreases the population of keystone species, causing the increase of population of deer that carries the tick that causes Lyme disease. Mouse and chipmunks are also carriers of the tick. Because of radical changes people have made to the landscape, the ecological balance tipped on one side. Muscle pain, stiffness of the spine, lost of appetite, agitated, fever, shivering, are the symptoms of the disease.If detected early, a three week course of antibiotic will fix the problem. To the Navajos, Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is nothing new. A disease usually fatal infection that causes victi ms to drown on their own fluids. The disease coincides with the phenomenon known as El Nino. Strong rains make the population of mouse to increase. The mouse’s urine is the source of infection. References Last, F. M. , Last, F. M. , & Last, F. M. (YEAR). The article title: And the article subtitle. The Journal Title, vol#, page–page Abbott, Alison, and Geoff Brumfiel. Nobel for AIDS virus discovery, finally. † Nature 455. 7214 (2008): 712+. Academic OneFile. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. Document URL http://0-go. galegroup. com. lrc. cod. edu/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA188847600&v=2. 1&u=cod_lrc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Health (2008). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Retrieved from http://www. niaid. nih. gov/TOPICS/HIVAIDS/UNDERSTANDING/Pages/whatAreHIVAIDS. aspx (Canadian Lyme Disease Foundation, 2012)

s Ideas

Newman’s Ideas According to Newman, the â€Å"Idea of a University† is the one and only true way to persevere and become successful in life. . He urges the common public to live the college life and raise their level of education and intellect. His philosophies inspire me to pursue my passion for computers and start a career in computer programming. He, too, has inspired many to become scholars and raise the level of society as a whole. His concepts should be considered highly by all for a better quality of life, and a better tomorrow. It is a known fact; the majority of people who do not attend college, do not experience success in their future. Therefore, my goal in life is to follow Newman’s Idea of a University and aim for a higher education. Another one of my goals is to achieve social and economic stability so that I can live a comfortable life. I want to be able to adapt myself to any given situation, just like any other educated person would be able to according to Newman’s ideas. Without a college education, the common public is not prepared for life. According to Newman’s idea, the purpose of a university is to â€Å"cultivate the mind.† He states that, just because any given person is specialized in one major, doesn’t mean that he or she dose not know about other subjects. A university is a community which learns from each other. Therefore, the members of the university pick up information from other individuals in the same community. This allows everyone to learn about a variety of subjects; as a result, all members become more educated in a wide range of topics. Receiving an education at a university is one of the most positive changes that can take place in an individual’s life. This can totally redirect the direction in which someone is headed and change their future. People, who would normally have minimum wage jobs without an education, can become leaders of the community if they chose to take the right ... 's Ideas Free Essays on Newman\'s Ideas Newman’s Ideas According to Newman, the â€Å"Idea of a University† is the one and only true way to persevere and become successful in life. . He urges the common public to live the college life and raise their level of education and intellect. His philosophies inspire me to pursue my passion for computers and start a career in computer programming. He, too, has inspired many to become scholars and raise the level of society as a whole. His concepts should be considered highly by all for a better quality of life, and a better tomorrow. It is a known fact; the majority of people who do not attend college, do not experience success in their future. Therefore, my goal in life is to follow Newman’s Idea of a University and aim for a higher education. Another one of my goals is to achieve social and economic stability so that I can live a comfortable life. I want to be able to adapt myself to any given situation, just like any other educated person would be able to according to Newman’s ideas. Without a college education, the common public is not prepared for life. According to Newman’s idea, the purpose of a university is to â€Å"cultivate the mind.† He states that, just because any given person is specialized in one major, doesn’t mean that he or she dose not know about other subjects. A university is a community which learns from each other. Therefore, the members of the university pick up information from other individuals in the same community. This allows everyone to learn about a variety of subjects; as a result, all members become more educated in a wide range of topics. Receiving an education at a university is one of the most positive changes that can take place in an individual’s life. This can totally redirect the direction in which someone is headed and change their future. People, who would normally have minimum wage jobs without an education, can become leaders of the community if they chose to take the right ...

To Trust or Not to Trust, Cred essays

To Trust or Not to Trust, Cred essays In the article Video Surveillance: Invasion of privacy or reasonable response to misconduct? found on the Emond-Harnden website, an argument is posed for the reader. The content of this argument is of great import to the read, but something possibly more significant is the credibility of the website. In essence, can the information this website provides be trusted enough to direct people in their lives and sway their opinions in the way of the argument. There are many parts of an argument that must be evaluated first, before the argument can be valued as credible. According to Browne and Keeley of their book Evaluating Online Resources Healthy doubt is [a] positive self-defense (24) when it comes to evaluating an argument and its credibility. Anyone has the ability to write a website, but for that information to be admitted as credible the author must be first established as trustworthy. Many questions must be asked about the author to establish their credibility, and seeing as how this article is written by Emond-Harnden, the credibility of a whole company must be established. Emond-Harnden is a law firm that litigates for unions as well as the companies that employ them in labor disputes as well as other troubles. Already, biases can be drawn from the website, they are not writing this article to purely inform and educate the reader, but they are writing it, in part, for their own personal, profitable gain. Second, can this website be considered an authority on the information provided? In this case, a tentative yes is the answer, seeing as how this website argues cases of this exact nature to the courts and arbitrators. Even though they may argue these cases they still do so under the idea that they will profi t from their work and court battles. The authority of a website on a certain subject is one of the strongest ways to establish a websites credibility. Possibly one of ...

Evolution of the Human Heart into Four Chambers

Evolution of the Human Heart into Four Chambers The human heart does not look much like those Valentines Day candies or the pictures we drew on our love notes when we were in elementary school. The current human heart is a large muscular organ with four chambers, a septum, several valves, and other various parts necessary for pumping blood all around the human body. However, this amazing organ is a product of evolution and has spent millions of years perfecting itself in order to keep humans alive. Invertebrate Hearts Invertebrate animals have very simple circulatory systems. Many do not have a heart or blood because they are not complex enough to need a way to get nutrients to their body cells. Their cells are able to just absorb nutrients through their skin or from other cells. As the invertebrates become a little more complex, they use an open circulatory system. This type of circulatory system does not have any blood vessels or has very few. The blood is pumped throughout the tissues and filters back to the pumping mechanism. Like in earthworms, this type of circulatory system does not use an actual heart. It has one or more small muscular areas capable of contracting and pushing the blood and then reabsorbing it as it filters back. However, these muscular regions were the precursors to our complex human heart. Fish Hearts Of the vertebrates, fish have the simplest type of heart. While it is a closed circulatory system, it has only two chambers. The top is called the atrium and the bottom chamber is called the ventricle. It has only one large vessel that feeds the blood into the gills to get oxygen and then transports it around the fishs body. Frog Hearts It is thought that while fish only lived in the oceans, amphibians like the frog were the link between water-dwelling animals and the newer land animals that evolved. Logically, it follows that frogs would, therefore, have a more complex heart than fish since they are higher on the evolutionary chain. In fact, frogs have a three-chambered heart. Frogs evolved to have two atria instead of one, but still only have one ventricle. The separation of the atria allows frogs to keep the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate as they come into the heart. The single ventricle is very large and very muscular so it can pump the oxygenated blood throughout the various blood vessels in the body. Turtle Hearts The next step up on the evolutionary ladder is the reptiles. It was recently discovered that some reptiles, like turtles, actually have a heart that has a sort of a three and a half chambered heart. There is a small septum that goes about halfway down the ventricle. The blood is still able to mix in the ventricle, but the timing of the pumping of the ventricle minimizes that mixing of the blood. Human Hearts The human heart, along with the rest of the mammals, is the most complex having four chambers. The human heart has a fully formed septum that separates both the atria and the ventricles. The atria sit on top of the ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood coming back from various parts of the body. That blood is then let into the right ventricle which pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The blood gets oxygenated and then returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. The oxygenated blood then goes into the left ventricle and is pumped out to the body through the largest artery in the body, the aorta. This complex, but efficient, way of getting oxygen and nutrients to body tissues took billions of years to evolve and perfect.

Media influences in sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media influences in sociology - Essay Example This is a social problem because media influences the world perception and priorities of people. It is used to manipulate and organize habits and opinions of the society through false values and beliefs of the dominant social group. It manipulated the social machinery controlling the opinions and habits of middle and low classes. It is often assumed to be normal that a latent group, provided it does not encounter any obstacle or resistance and that it has sufficient 'consciousness' of the common interest, will act 'naturally' in advancing its interests. Latent groups are aware of their interests, and such awareness leads 'normally' to collective action aiming to advance the common interest. The sole obstacles which might prevent this collective action are, on the one hand, a delay in the appearance of an awareness of common interest, and, on the other hand, a resistance which derives from divergent or contradictory interests of other groups (Schmidt 363). Competition between groups w hose interests are both legitimate and at least partially in opposition is a basic means of a concentration of power in modern societies. To start from the conflict between a value system and a norm system is to suppose that one or other is coherent when taken by itself. "Media reproduces the structural components of systems of interaction" (Schmidt 241). Advertising is one of the most powerful media tools which popularize

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example Source 2: Arsanjani, A., Zhang, L., Ellis, M., Allam, A., & Channabasavaiah, K. (2007). S3: A service-oriented reference architecture. IT Professional, 9(3), 10-17. Annotation In this article, the authors talk about the advantages associated with the use of service oriented technology in businesses, such as, increase in revenue, decrease in costs, and rapid application delivery. The article is related to the research in a sense that it includes discussion about the increased dependence of businesses on service oriented architectures. The article relates to the research topic as it talks about the use of service oriented architecture in making IT related business goals and functions aligned and well managed. The authors of this article have raised some key issues regarding service oriented architecture and its transformational capabilities. Source 3: Bashir, R., Azam, F., Iqbal, M., Khanum, A., & Malik, H. (2012). A Comparative Model for Tradeoff Analysis of QoS Attributes in SOA. Jou rnal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(11), 11097-11105. Annotation In this article, the authors talk about development of efficient service oriented architecture considering the challenge of maintaining the quality of service attributes which occurs due to compositional, as well as dynamic environment of the service-oriented architecture. The article relates to the research as it talks about a comparative model of trade-off analysis for quality of service attributes in service oriented architecture. The authors of this article propose a comparative model which should be able to study the trade off among the SOA’s quality of service attributes. The main focus of the paper is achieving an improved system through trade off among quality of service attributes. Source 4: Candido, G., Barata, J., Colombo, A., & Jammes, F. (2009). SOA in reconfigurable supply chains: A research roadmap. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 22(6), 939-949. Annotation In thi s article, the authors state that industries are becoming more and more interested in adopting automation standards as a unifying approach with a number of advantages over traditional automation. The article relates to the research in a sense that it talks about the advantages of service oriented architecture over traditional automation. The authors of the research have not only enumerated the challenges related to the application of service oriented architecture into reconfigurable supply chains but also they have provided a roadmap into a major adoption of service oriented technology to maintain the reconfigurable supply chains. Source 5: Cucinotta, T., Mancina, A., Anastasi, G., Lipari, G., Mangeruca, L., Checcozzo, R., & Rusina, F. (2009). A real-time service-oriented architecture for industrial automation. Industrial Informatics, 5(3), 267-277. Annotation In this article, the authors state that the introduction of new technologies, such as, IP based communication protocols, Zig Bee, and standard networking technologies raise significant issues that need to be properly solved. One of those issues is to support quality-of-service and real-time for real-time applications. The source is relevant to the research area in that it deals

Multinational Enterprises and Global Capitalism Research Paper

Multinational Enterprises and Global Capitalism - Research Paper Example There are several reasons why a multinational may choose to undertake foreign direct investment. One of these reasons is that the company has been very successful in selling its product with success and efficiency, and has been successful on satisfying the demand for this product to a full extent in the area of its origin. After seeing its success in that area, perhaps the exhaustion of demand within the area, the company may be tempted to open up a second location in a different country. The main reason, in this case, would be that the company would be seeking to satisfy the demand of consumers elsewhere, at that point. It will see a profitable business investment to open up a new location near these new potential customers because it predicts a similar response from them as it got in the country it was originally operating in. This new group of customers would be an attractive basis for foreign direct investment for any company, and once it has evaluated the possible risks associat ed with the possible expansion, it will surely consider the expansion as feasible, profitable and the next logical step to their expansions and operations (Jones, pp. 74, 2005). A company will not expand to a county in which it does not perceive the demand for its product (Seymour, pp.104, 1987). For example, one can consider a company, which produces food products, which use ham as the main ingredient. This company may be extremely successful in a non-Muslim country like the United States. Here, consumers in all age groups, as well as several different socio-economic statuses, may love its product. This would logically mean that once the company finishes expanding within the areas of the US where it finds functioning feasible, it could expand to and invest in even the less developed countries because it knows by experience that its product is well accepted by people of lower-middle income statuses as well. This logic will not apply in those countries, however, which have a majority of Muslim population. This is because, even though the acceptance of the company’s product has proven to be high amongst previous consumers, these new Muslim consumers would not warm up to them because their ingredients include pork, which they do not eat. In this regard, even when a product has been popular in several countries, the company will have to make several other inquiries before it can assume whether it is a good idea to undertake foreign direct investment in a newer area. In other words, the product needs to be tested in any region to where the multinational corporation (MNC) wishes to expand because, without that, the FDI will have very slight chances of yielding a successful result. Another reason is the political stability that is present in that country. Political stability is an important factor to consider for any MNC when it chooses to undertake foreign direct investment (Yoshitomi, & Graham, pp. 30, 1996). This is because it has a large bearing on how smo othly the company is able to operate in that area with hindrances, strikes and other interruptions, which often result in large losses, which make a large profit out of their daily operations. The political stability of the country is an important factor because it affects the consumer market of the country.

Does Google Make Us Stupid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Does Google Make Us Stupid - Essay Example .......................................................... 15 10. Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 16 Reference 1. Introduction The internet has become one of the most pervasive technologies used and enjoyed by almost all people in the planet. It is also a media upon which various technologies, including search engines and social networking sites are being borne and developed. Google is one of these technologies. It is a search engine which was established in order to browse through the internet and search for information and for links into the different available interactions in the electronic world. The ease upon which information has been made available through Google has been a source of controversy among researchers and intellectuals, arguing that it is a technology which has now made people stupid. However, other intellectuals would also argue in the opposite direction, proclaiming that Goo gle does not make people, stupid; instead, it makes them smart and more imaginative in their knowledge about and of the world. This study shall discuss whether or not Google makes people stupid. First, a brief description of Google shall be introduced in this paper. Second, an analysis of the reasons why Google is making us stupid shall be presented. Third, an analysis of the reasons why Google is not making us stupid shall also be presented. Fourth, a position on this issue shall be discussed based on an analysis of the previous discussions and arguments. Lastly, a conclusion and summary shall end this discussion. Body 2. Brief history of Google In 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin established their search engine known as ‘BackRub.† This search...It is a search engine which was established in order to browse through the internet and search for information and for links into the different available interactions in the electronic world . The ease upon which information has been made available through Google has been a source of controversy among researchers and intellectuals, arguing that it is a technology which has now made people stupid. However, other intellectuals would also argue in the opposite direction, proclaiming that Google does not make people, stupid; instead, it makes them smart and more imaginative in their knowledge about and of the world. This study shall discuss whether or not Google makes people stupid. First, a brief description of Google shall be introduced in this paper. Second, an analysis of the reasons why Google is making us stupid shall be presented. Third, an analysis of the reasons why Google is not making us stupid shall also be presented. Fourth, a position on this issue shall be discussed based on an analysis of the previous discussions and arguments. Lastly, a conclusion and summary shall end this discussion. Body 2. Brief history of Google In 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin established their search engine known as ‘BackRub.† This search engine used various links to establish the importance of distinct web pages (Google, n.d).

Responding to Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Responding to Memo - Essay Example The consequence was that the company suffered a land attack which subsequently forced our networks into a "ping of death" (Liu, Yu, and Jing, 2005). This means that the network was forced into the continued and repetitive transmission of packages which exceeded the allowable size. As you may well recall, the DoS attack paralyzed our systems and cost us in excess of $150,000. Attacks which exploit security holes in hardware and software systems are quite common. Apart from the above described incident, the company was subjected to a second attack as a direct outcome of a security hole in its Cisco IOS router. This, the most popular corporate router, had a serious security flaw which the company only identified after the release of the router and even then did not inform users about (Zetter, 2006). Consequently, our company, just like countless others was attacked through this security hole. In the second place, our identity renders us the target of attacks. It is unlikely that any hacker would deliberately target your daughter's computer and infect it with a Trojan Horse but where we are concerned, the issue is quite different. As a profit-making organization, we represent potentially financially lucrative information (Rhodes-Ousley, Bragg, and Strassberg, 2003). We are targeted by professional hackers who seek out security flaws in our system for the explicit purpose of infecting us, either in order to access our data or to bring our networks to a halt (Rhodes-Ousley, Bragg, and Strassberg, 2003). The fact of the matter is that our department has protected our networks as much as is possible. The fact that we send out malware alerts or often engage in the cleaning up of the system is quite simply because we cannot afford any viruses on our networks. Malware could undermine the integrity of our data and, therefore, we often resort to the exercise of extreme precaution. Indeed, it is quite probable that your daughter's computer has some malware on it but that she is not able to identify it. We, on the other hand, identify and remove all malware. Lastly, Windows OS is ore vulnerable to malware than is Macintosh OS. This is because of security holes in the latter which are not present in the former and because hackers target Windows much more than they do Macintosh (Rhodes-Ousley, Bragg, and Strassberg, 2003). Migrating to Macintosh, however, is not an option both because it would be too costly and because it does not have the software range that we need. P2P Memo To: Salamanika Giorgiopolis, Corporate Counsel From: CISO Date: 05/18/2007 Re: Peer to Peer and Piracy Irrespective of the popularity of Peer to Peer Networks and regardless of the fact that everyone is doing it,' company employees are explicitly prohibited from running P2P programs on company computers or from using the company's network connection to download files through these programs. Apart from the aforementioned being explicitly forbidden under company policies and regulations, it comprises an immoral and illegal violation of copyright laws which the company is not going to abide by. Copyright laws are very precise, leaving little room for manoeuvring or interpretation. As Paradise (1999) clarifies, this body of legislature, determines the fortification of

Does Google Make Us Stupid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Does Google Make Us Stupid - Essay Example .......................................................... 15 10. Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 16 Reference 1. Introduction The internet has become one of the most pervasive technologies used and enjoyed by almost all people in the planet. It is also a media upon which various technologies, including search engines and social networking sites are being borne and developed. Google is one of these technologies. It is a search engine which was established in order to browse through the internet and search for information and for links into the different available interactions in the electronic world. The ease upon which information has been made available through Google has been a source of controversy among researchers and intellectuals, arguing that it is a technology which has now made people stupid. However, other intellectuals would also argue in the opposite direction, proclaiming that Goo gle does not make people, stupid; instead, it makes them smart and more imaginative in their knowledge about and of the world. This study shall discuss whether or not Google makes people stupid. First, a brief description of Google shall be introduced in this paper. Second, an analysis of the reasons why Google is making us stupid shall be presented. Third, an analysis of the reasons why Google is not making us stupid shall also be presented. Fourth, a position on this issue shall be discussed based on an analysis of the previous discussions and arguments. Lastly, a conclusion and summary shall end this discussion. Body 2. Brief history of Google In 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin established their search engine known as ‘BackRub.† This search...It is a search engine which was established in order to browse through the internet and search for information and for links into the different available interactions in the electronic world . The ease upon which information has been made available through Google has been a source of controversy among researchers and intellectuals, arguing that it is a technology which has now made people stupid. However, other intellectuals would also argue in the opposite direction, proclaiming that Google does not make people, stupid; instead, it makes them smart and more imaginative in their knowledge about and of the world. This study shall discuss whether or not Google makes people stupid. First, a brief description of Google shall be introduced in this paper. Second, an analysis of the reasons why Google is making us stupid shall be presented. Third, an analysis of the reasons why Google is not making us stupid shall also be presented. Fourth, a position on this issue shall be discussed based on an analysis of the previous discussions and arguments. Lastly, a conclusion and summary shall end this discussion. Body 2. Brief history of Google In 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin established their search engine known as ‘BackRub.† This search engine used various links to establish the importance of distinct web pages (Google, n.d).

Andidal olonization in Diabetic Patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andidal olonization in Diabetic Patients - Essay Example As a result, there are infections that opportunistic and attack the host in colonies. In comparison to the effect of these infections on normal healthy individuals, the effect on diabetic individuals is adverse. Oral candidiasis is an infection that attacks individuals invaded by the fungus Candida albicans (Barnes, 2006). This infection occurs in colonies and the rigorousness of their spread in blood differs with individuals. The rate is higher in diabetic individuals as compared to normal individuals. The research utilizes the cytological techniques of oral exfoliation in data collection. Two test samples with a definite sample population are demarcated (Barnes, 2006). The two test samples are; normal individuals and diabetic individuals. The test involves tallying of the age and gender of the two test samples for a common base (Pallavan et al, 2014). The research is ethically undertaken with the underlying accord of the sample inhabitants is a study demand. A brief medical history for the individuals provides the basis for exclusion. The individual with rare deficiencies, other endocrine disorders; immunodeficiency, and chronic ailments are left out the sample population list. The mucosa linings of the mouth commonly emit the test sample. The reagent, which is the Periodic Acid Schiff, depicts the degree of the annexation of the verbalized candidiasis (Barnes, 2006). The microscope helps in the examination of the prevailing oral candidiasis colonies. Under specific test parameters, the result analysis employs statistical techniques to draw out test patterns. The underlying method commonly used is the Chi-square test. The Chi-square test shows major variations in the oral candidiasis colonies for diabetic and normal individuals (Pallavan et al, 2014).  

Broadcasting of the BBC Documentary The Secret Policeman Essay Example for Free

Broadcasting of the BBC Documentary The Secret Policeman Essay On Tuesday 21st October 2003, the BBCs documentary The Secret Policeman was broadcast to approximately 5 million viewers in Britain. Mark Daly, an undercover reporter had spent seven months posing as a fellow trainee at the Bruche National Training Centre in Cheshire to film an exposà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ on racism among police recruits. The film not only provided evidence of police racism but also highlighted the stereotypical representations of Black identity within Western ideology. In this essay I propose to investigate how the British medias representation of Blacks has, rather than reflecting reality, constructed it. My research predominantly focuses on evidence gathered from racial reports and theories of the 1980s until the present day and examines the development, if any, within race representation in the media. Pre-1980s case studies are generally omitted because of the rapid development of discussion of racial issues as a reaction to the brutal riots of that decade. Additionally, the institutional and individual stereotyping revealed within The Secret Policeman can be directly related to prevalent issues specifically within the media of the previous two decades. Controversially, I ultimately aim to depict The Secret Policeman as a symbol of advancement in Black representation within Britain. The use of the term Black bastard and Nigger isnt racist The Secret Policemans inclusion of a clip of racist remarks by the Police Federations Representative in 1983 is an accurate reflection of the racial turmoil that Britains Institutions and communities were in. Black lawlessness was an image that dominated the Press reporting on riots from 1980 85. A predominantly Black riot against at Bristols police force in 1980 was followed by further confrontational outbreaks in 1981. The first two years of riots gained Britains (particularly young) West Indian community the reputation for being notorious for muggings, assaults and murders2 but nonetheless presented a slight initial interest into the awareness of the underlying causes. The scale of Britains urban unrest between these years varied considerably but the sequence of violence after 1980 forced the political agenda to include an examination of the origins of the protests. The Press employed Brixton (1981) to highlight the need for enhanced Government economic policies; As we condemn th e senseless terror we also condemn the deep seated social problemswhich spawned them. From 1983 to 1985 Britains poor and predominantly West Indian and Asian neighbourhoods experienced social disturbances, as was the case in 1981. Once more, the media endorsed the riots as the criminal acts of black, inner-city youths but this time they were not linked to ethnic inequality, oppression or socio-economic frustration but only to the Blacks position in society and their undermining of the law and cultural traditions of the minority communities themselves. The British presss reaction to the prominence of riots particularly during 1985 was to decline both generally to examine the reasons for them and specifically to consider ethnical inequality as a cause. Subjects of immigration, housing, employment, social facilities and race relations within the civic authorities that were central to the causes of the urban violence, were abandoned for crude simplifications that represented Blacks as the sole initiators of the violence. The criminal identity with which the media had labe lled Blacks was not wholly fictitious. Anecdotal evidence of provocative quotes and repetition of unreliable stories would always operate within a dominant regime of truth4. Crimes involving Blacks were given disproportionate coverage that suggested a behavioural generalisation that would never be suggested of Whites. Stereotyping was not the only form of racism; more covertly the press would exclude or misconstrue statistics such as those that showed Blacks to be twice as likely to be out of work as their counterparts. The coverage of Tottenhams 1985 riot gave less publicity to the death of a lack woman than the ensuing disturbances in which a police constable was murdered. The policemans role as a victim totally overshadowed the mourning of the aggressor that the Black fatality was consigned to. The perspective within which coloured people are presented as ordinary members of society has become increasingly overshadowed by a news perspective in which they are presented as a problem. Teun. A. Van Dijk was highly influenced by Hartmann and Husbands early study of racism in the press which concluded the above labelling of Blacks. According to Van Dijk the riots were topicalized in a style recognisable across the entire media front; the event, the causes and the consequences. Contrary to using these journalistic traits to investigate all areas of the riots, Britains media manipulated it as a means of reporting on selective data. The event was described as the attacks of mobs of black youths; in order to maintain the stimulus once the disturbance was over the primary definition of the cause of the riots was in terms of Black criminality in preference to the inner city conditions. Finally, the exoneration of Institutional Britain was enabled through the reports focus into future containment, policing and inquiries. The report pattern of Black mob, Black crime and Black prevention was typical of a whole generations instinctive approach to Black Britain. The medias resp onse to the 1980s riots created and regurgitated images of Black male criminals. Blacks in non-race stories were not considered newsworthy. Encouragingly by the 1980s Black was on the political agenda; however by 1985 it had been relegated from the social issue some commentators had perceived, via a social problem to a social evil. If the medias hegemonic reports and editorials in the 1980s were classed as a barely disguised belief in White supremacy, The Secret Policeman strangely that that attitude to Blacks is as strong today as ever it was then. Im a firm believer that Pakis create racism. Most Asians carry knives. The thing in London is, the majority of street robbery is Black In 1982 the Commission for Racial Equality published the first code of practice on eliminating discrimination and promoting equal opportunities, which was speedily identified by a Daily Telegraph editorial as bossy nonsense. Arguably the code of practice was counter-productive. Attacks on anti-racist and equal rights movements were at their height during the period of 1983 to 1986, when Black became Britains pretext for social disturbances. Resistance towards such movements was accused of stirring racial tension through excessive political correctness. For much of the press, racism was a manufactured problem of the anti-racist left, found in social science research programmes, anti-racist projects and multi-cultural education. The anti-racist social learning process created accusations of anti-English indoctrination thus posing a threat to White elitism, dominance and control. Thatchers Institutionally right-wing Britain defined itself as a protagonist of the attacks from the left th at they believed favoured special treatment of multicultural Britain. Significantly, the immediate Government response to The Secret Policeman undercover investigation was given by the home secretary David Blunkett, who criticised the BBC for their intent to create, not report, a storyas a covert stunt to get attention According to the Guardians most recent statistics, ethnic minorities make up 9% of the UKs population. In more urban areas such as Greater Manchester where The Secret Policeman was filmed, this percentage is believed to reach figures as high as 30%. However, the documentary showed Warrington police training base to consist of 118 white and one Asian recruit. Notably, Black people in are massively under-represented in Parliament. New Western societies still show many forms of institutional and everyday discrimination that David Blunkett arguably hoped to dismiss with a similar response to the 1980s critical analysis of racist exposs. Over a month before The Secret Policeman was broadcast, John Gieve, the permanent Secretary at the Home Office wrote to the BBC a letter that they described as unprecedented pressure to bully them into withdrawing the programme. The chief constable of Greater Manchester Police also intimidated the BBC with the threat of a Hutton-style inquiry that could d estroy the BBCs relationship with the police. Mark Dalys work within the police force was cut short when arrested on suspicion of deception and damaging police property; charges were dropped when embarrassingly for the police, the public were informed of the institutional racism. The Observer newspaper considered the Whitehall and police resistance worthy of its front-page headline Home Office tried to axe BBC police race expos. Headlines are carefully devised as a pithy synopsis of the story. They quickly impart knowledge in a way which facilitates both understanding and recall. The headlines of news reports about ethnic affairs summarize events that the medias white academics, teachers, writers and political activists define as relevant to white and black readers interests. The medias manipulation of headlines dramatized the 1980s anti-racism only to emphasise the Western ideology of Black negativity. For example the Telegraphs conspicuous headline bossy nonsense clearly established the tedium felt by the author towards the issue of tackling racism. The Observers recent negative portrayal of institutional antagonists of anti-racism reveals a positive shift from the medias earlier resentment towards the anti-racist movements. So what is the ideological impli cation of the shift from 1980s resentment to the Observers stance? How is the exposure of racism in todays society a sign of improved race-relations? Who is to blame for todays existing racism? Is it the BBCs fault this has happened? BBC Radio One questioned both the responsibility of the police and the media in the revelation of The Secret Policeman. Radio One criticised the constable of North Wales for his reference to the hysteria related to terrorism, extremist Muslims and asylum as the rationale for increased racist views. Blaming society, it commented, was no option for police professionals who should concentrate on training and challenge prejudice15. Is the BBCs accusation equitable or is pardoning society a means of pardoning the media to ultimately pardon itself? How we are seen determines in part how we are treated; how we treat others is based on how we see them; such seeing comes from representation.16 Traditionally founded on Reithian ideas of independence, access and expression, the BBC aimed to inform, educate and entertain the masses. The BBC devised itself an identity as the national cultural institution that would represent Britains public through Britains voice. In a statement following the arrest of Mark Daly, the BBC reflected the all-purpose mission they were founded upon: We believe this to be a matter of significant public interest17. The BBC, in essence, the media, is a powerful realm of social whiteness that manipulates the patterns of inter-elite communication. The ethnic minorities in Britain even today remain concentrated in relatively few areas. As a result huge numbers of the White majority rely almost exclusively on the media for knowledge of issues concerning their Black counterparts. The formations and continuance of White attitudes are therefore highly reliant upon the medias portrayal of race-relations; most frequently found in the news. The news is an every day routine structure, and in literal terms can be defined as a classical realist text. However, Nichols recognises that the reality of news takes precedence over the news of reality18, thus enabling it to empower, or dis-empower its subject. In these terms the subject is Black and the empowerment is integral to the serious issue of Black nationhood and identity. When reality is represented, its former unequivocal status becomes ambiguous; news is static but its context is not. For example, patterns of race reporting can attach themselves to the wider subjects of Black British existence, a procedure that Sarita Malik terms leitmotif. During the 1980s riots, the Black identity was frequently referred to in terms of former race-related violence. Leitmotifs thus manipulated the reality to familiarise the White-eye with often-unrelated parables of Black anger that consequently created a distorted mis-information about the original conflict. In contrast, representing reality can be equal ly deceitful through a negation of context. The news according to Malik is best at representing what and why but regularly fails to recognise the socio-political reasoning behind it. In terms of race relations of the last two decades Britains media tends to focus excessively on the wider context of Black struggle yet too seldom on the social context that fuels this struggle. The BBCs decision to resist Governmental and Federal pressures and broadcast The Secret Policeman implied a positive shift in its allegiance to the White ruling classes. Although this documentary was yet another portrayal of the problem-orientated Black, uniquely the revolting19 and Appalling, racist revelations20 were more optimistically acknowledged as White. The television documentary is based on questions of identity that engage with the construction of relationships between subject, audience and the camera or narrator. The cinematography is used as a tool of authority in which the spectator is lured into believing they are a observing a record of untouched and immediate reality. But reality, as clarified previously, can be more ambiguous than anticipated. In fact, the illusion that a documentary allows the subject to speak for itself without moralising or judging is, like the news, a powerful status to possess. Documentaries are the most likely genre to directly address socio-political affairs and on the rare occasion of the medias attention to multicultural development it is most probable they will be used. Unfortunately, documentaries of the 1950s were emotive, sentimental and practically vague and similarly. The 1960s gave little hope for a genre increasingly lacking in sensitivity and awareness towards the Black subject. In contrast to the pathos of the 1950s White pity toward Blacks, the 1960s employed tones of hostility, fear and conflict. Thus, the erratic history of the socialist documentary was influential and manipulative towards the enhancement of Governmental attacks that ran adjacent to the anti-racist campaigns of the 1980s. The development of light and cheap video recording equipment has made the video diary an accessible and extremely popular style of documentary since the late 1990s; a development that enabled the BBC to produce The Secret Policeman. Improved camera technology initiated independent film-making and in effect greater social analysis during the 1990s, but this was not the only continuity in televisions social eye. Governmental, cultural and economic forces were evolving towards todays individualistic, consumerist and multicultural society; television had to ke ep pace. The documentary shifted from social generalisations to pluralism and for the first time society was eclipsed by individualism and lifestyle. Although the 1990s showed much resistance to an increasingly cross-cultural and mixed-race Britain, the definition of society and Britishness undoubtedly required re-examination. Isnt it good how memories dont fade? He [Steven Lawrence] fucking deserved it and his mum and dad are a fucking pair of spongers. PC Rob Pullings acclamation of the murderers and derision of the family of black student Steven Lawrence shocked viewers of The Secret Policeman. Lawrences mother was particularly disheartened, stating, that, after all this time, people still held those views.22 The stereotyping of Black people as spongers or scroungers is one that was upheld and confirmed during the rioting period of the 1980s. The Diasporas posed a threat to Britain as a consequence of its deficiency in resources and increasing immigration numbers. In 1968 Enoch Powell suggested a much favoured but conclusively rejected topic relatable to Thatchers new 1980s, right wing government; that of repatriation. Repatriation essentially warned Blacks to behave or go home. Powell returned to his theme in the wake of the 1985 Handsworth riots to create a climate of racist opinion. Immigration had become among the most prominent Press subjects, during which, one tabloid claimed that immigrants cost the taxpayer billions of pou nds. Black people were constituted as the welfare states problem that added to taxation through an exploitation of the White supremacist welfare state. In 1984, the News of the World printed the headline à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½476 a week for waiter Abdul. The Daily Mail picked up on this story, printing a day later; Jobless Abdullife of luxury in hotelsat the taxpayers expense.24 The actuality of this story is that the 476 payment that was referred to was an inclusive sum covering the cost of housing Abdul, his wife and his six children. More interestingly, Abdul Bari was a British citizen. In 1999, six years after the Lawrence incident, Sir William Macpherson undertook a high profile investigation into the racism and discrimination in the Metropolitan Police Force.His Report coined the phrase institutional racism. This triggered discussions of discrimination within Britains leading institutions: the police, the media, the education system and the government. Following the Lawrence enquiry huge numbers of police were forced to undertake intensive training in racial equality and similar, revised programmes are ongoing today. One police force in Britain sent 40 000 employees on race training days within the last year, but Pullings overt racism raises questions of the efficacy of the Home Offices current strategy of challenging prejudice. In the concluding chapter of her book Representing Black in Britain, Sarita Malik makes a discouragingly negative, albeit honest assertion that the accepted sentiment that racist Britain is in decline is somewhat false. By this, she suggests that racism in the media, as in other public sectors, has merely been concealed. Malik proposed that truthful representations could emerge only through more diverse, aesthetically innovative and accurate portrayals of Blacks. More relevantly to The Secret Policeman, Malik highlighted the need for a rethink of the constituent parts that compose Britains media: resources, employment and ultimately its national heritage. Whilst the number of Blacks and ethnic minorities on British television has increased dramatically particularly in urban based soaps such as Holby City and Eastenders the production teams and editors continue to favour Whites. My premise that The Secret Policemen established an interesting relationship with the development of Brit ish media was formed whilst listening to a Radio Four news programme. It suggested that The Secret Policeman provided hard evidence that racism had gone underground. The programme concluded that although the police understood the shoulds and shouldnts of racial procedures, impartiality was never entrenched in their hearts and minds. Consistently with my research, the social learning process of the media has potentially played a huge role in PC Pullings racist prejudices and discrimination. Racism is not innate after all; it is learned. So how is it that I feel confident to propose The Secret Policeman as evidence of enhanced race-relations within the media? The role of the media is not isolated, but connected in numerous ways to the elites in general; this time it stood alone. The BBC assumed the role of the anti-racist and confronted the majority. The Secret Policeman exposed to huge public numbers, the long-standing stereotypes of the ruling-race and gave scope for investigating the origins of such beliefs. More positively the documentary received instant and drastic responses from both the public and the institutions. The Home Office immediately introduced plans for new police integrity tests and understood the need for societal change. The medias willingness to scrutinise and criticise the racism revealed in The Secret Policeman marked a complete reversal from the attacks on anti-racism evident in the 1980s. The Secret Policeman has served a distinctive purpose. It has illustrated what has long been apparent but too rarely admitted; White power is dangerously flawed. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ferguson, Robert. Representing Race, 1998. Arnold: London Gordon, Paul Rosenberg, David. The Press and black people in Britain, 1989. Runnymede Trust: Nottingham Malik, Sarita. Representing Black in Britain, 2002. Sage: London Solomos, John. Race and Racism in Contemporary Britain, 1989. Macmillan: London Troyna, Barry. Public awareness and the media, 1981. Commission for Racial Equality: London Van Dijk, Tuen A. Racism and the Press, 1991. Routledge: London and New York

Effect of Culture on Differences in Conceptions of Education

Effect of Culture on Differences in Conceptions of Education I chose the following articles which examined the effects of culture on the differences in conceptions of education. Human thought and behavior are heavily influenced by the practices and assumptions of a certain culture and education cannot escape this influence (Brislin, Bochner, Lonner, 1975; Cole, 1996). As the course (AH103) sought to examine educational outcomes in cross cultural settings, I personally believe that a deeper and more critical understanding of how education is perceived, valued and conceptualized across cultures is important. The only opportunity we had to discuss such a topic in class was the short article, â€Å"Mind or Virtue† by Jin Li (2005) and I felt that it was quite limited. In addition, I believe that understanding the ideas of influential thinkers from different cultures such as Confucius, Socrates and Dewey can shed light on how different cultures have perceived education historically and how they continue to be influenced by them. Finally, these articles demonstrate that we can borrow best practices from different cultures to better prepare our students for the globalized world and I feel that it would be helpful for us being future teachers to understand that. Article 1: Cultural Perspectives on Teaching and Learning: A collaborative self-study of two professors first year teaching experiences. (Hu Smith, 2011) The first article (Hu and Smith, 2011) documents the reflective experiences of Hu and Smith, assistant professors of Chinese and American nationality respectively. Throughout their first year at the same university, they utilized the self-study approach to explore their views of teaching and learning and how their different cultural backgrounds could have influenced their perspectives. The approach which included conversations and writing and sharing reflections about their teaching practices helped them clarify their education philosophies. Hu and Smith (2011) shared that their educational philosophies were mainly influenced by Chinese Confucianism and Deweyan pragmatism respectively. The article went on to provide more information about both philosophies but this will not be discussed in this paper owing to the length constraint. Upon reflection, they realized that their educational philosophies heavily influenced their teaching practices. For example, Hu believed that it was more important to be a strict teacher: â€Å"I have been influenced since I was young in China that a strict teacher prepares better students. I thought that I should be a strict teacher, and be responsible for my students; however, it seems that my students really did not appreciate that. (Hu, 10 February 2009)† On the other hand, Smith believed that being an understanding teacher was more important: â€Å"Teaching is making connections with students, inspiring them, showing them many strategies to use in teaching, allowing them time to practice the strategies, make mistakes, revise, and plan again. My duty as an instructor is to do all in my power to assist in the students’ learning. Yet I found that some of my students lacked the desired dispositions to become excellent teachers. (Smith, 23 June 2009)†. There were also other differences in their teaching beliefs (e.g. Smith believed that students should learn to be assertive while Hu believed in the importance of modesty). These differences were mutually exclusive and reflected the different conceptualizations of education in the two countries. However, Hu and Smith (2011) believed that the collaborative self-study experience helped them to understand the teaching values of their own and another culture more profoundly. After scrutinizing the philosophies of education in both eastern and western cultures and comparing and contrasting their own views of teaching and learning, they managed to gain insights that went beyond recognizing the differences between the two. In fact, they recognized the strengths of each philosophy and sought to integrate both philosophies to provide more effective instruction (Hu Smith, 2011). For example, Smith helped Hu to obtain a deeper understanding of American classroom culture. As the use of role models in education is prevalent in Chinese culture (Reed, 1995), Hu praised students who had performed well in class with the intention to encourage them and hoped that other students would be encouraged to emulate them. To Hu’s surprise, some students felt that their efforts were not affirmed in the process of being compared to others. Smith helped Hu understand that US students value individualism and working at their own academic level and pace. Consequently, teachers believe in differentiated instruction and praise. In addition, Hu helped Smith to embrace the eastern views of learning: that students should be diligent, respectful, and virtuous. Smith made a conscious effort to share these values with her students and help them appreciate and foster those values. For example, she modeled a strong work ethic and enforced strict grading policies and deadlines. She also requested students to assess themselves on punctuality, participation, completion of assignments and staying focused at the end of each class. Many of her students provided feedback that they were inspired by Smith sharing about and fostering Eastern views of education and felt that it has given them new perspectives towards education. Therefore, Hu and Smith (2011) believed that integrating their cultural views of teaching and learning helped them to achieve the best of both worlds. However, they believed that it is only possible if the teacher is interested to achieve such a balance. However, despite having great interest in achieving the balance, Hu and Smith (2011) realized that their own views of teaching and learning were greatly influenced by their cultural backgrounds and were not easily altered. As such, they worked hard to integrate both cultural beliefs of teaching and learning within their teaching practices. Lastly, Hu and Smith (2011) argued that understanding different educational philosophies can help teachers better serve their students in the increasingly globalized world. I chose this article because I appreciated the authors deeply reflecting about their own educational philosophies and seeking to uncover how their cultural backgrounds have affected them. In addition, I loved the simple message that there are strengths in both the Deweyan and Confucian approaches and that integrating them in our teaching practices can better serve all our students. Article 2: Rethinking Teacher Education: Synchronizing Eastern and Western Views of Teaching and Learning to Promote 21st Century Skills and Global Perspectives. (Smith Hu, 2013) The second article was written by the same authors of the first article. After four years of experience with the integrated philosophy of eastern and western perspectives and receiving positive feedback, Smith and Hu (2013) decided to follow up on their first self-study (Hu Smith, 2011) by investigating how their integrated philosophy have influenced teaching and learning of 21st century skills in their college students (Smith Hu, 2013). The authors firmly believed that 21st century skills such as critical thinking, creativity and problem solving must be embedded into the curriculum because research had shown that students require these skills to succeed in work and life (Association of American Colleges Universities, 2007, Partnership for 21st Century Skills, 2007). For the study, Smith and Hu (2013) analyzed different sources from the past four years: 1) monthly self-study meeting notes, (2) self-reflective journals, (3) student and departmental peer evaluations of teaching, and (4) faculty and student feedback on the authors’ invited presentations. Smith and Hu (2013) found that their integrated philosophy was very effective in developing 21st century skills. For example, in the area of career and life skills, the western view helps to develop self-confidence, individuality and democratic education while the eastern view help foster the virtues of hard work, responsibility, commitment, and persistence in students. The integrated philosophy thus developed both sets of skills as both authors upheld rigorous teaching standards and high expectations. Moreover, the integrated philosophy worked well in terms of learning and innovation skills. Smith’s western perspective influenced by Dewey promote creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration through inquiry teaching and active learning. While personalized instruction is valued by the eastern perspective, the integrated philosophy valued collaboration with peers as an important part of teaching and learning. Over the years in their classes, presentations and conferences, Smith and Hu (2013) learned that educators from a diverse range of cultures were interested in cultivating global teaching perspectives. In addition, they all value 21st century skills and believe them to be important student outcomes. Having witnessed firsthand the importance and necessity of incorporating best practices from other cultures, the authors believe that educators across all disciplines should develop a global perspective of teaching and learning and provided some recommendations. Firstly, educators must examine themselves to unearth their personal cultural philosophy of teaching and learning (possibly using self-study like the authors). In addition, professional development sessions with other colleagues can be a good way to develop cultural understanding. Next, educators should consider collaborating to integrate cultural perspectives to promote 21st century skills. Finally, teaching and learning must alwa ys respect and take into account the diverse cultures of all students and families. I chose this article because it was a rich qualitative study which clearly articulated the benefits of utilizing an integrated philosophy in fostering 21st century skills. I think it would really encourage future and current educators to rethink their own educational philosophies and utilized the integrated one proposed by the authors. Article 3: Learning Considered Within a Cultural Context: Confucian and Socratic Approaches (Tweed Lehman, 2002) The last article (Tweed Lehman, 2002) used a Confucian–Socratic framework to analyze how academic learning is influenced by culture. At the start of the article, the authors clearly examined how different education processes are valued differently by Socrates and Confucius from the Western and Eastern cultures respectively. While Socrates encouraged students to question widely accepted knowledge privately and publicly and to create and articulate their own hypotheses, Confucius valued respectful, effortful, and pragmatic acquisition of essential knowledge so as to result in behavioral reform. While recognizing that examples of both Confucian and Socratic approaches can be found in both cultural contexts, Tweed and Lehman (2002) helped readers understand the impact of each approach in a different culture. Firstly, in some Western educational contexts, the Confucian approach may be advantageous- for example, in the case when students are expected to gain and utilize foundational knowledge to familiar and novel situations. However, the Confucian approach may be a disadvantage in other contexts- for example, students heavily influenced by the Confucian approach may speak up less in class and be perceived by their teachers to be less capable. In addition, it is also important to note the impact of the Socratic approach in Eastern educational contexts. The Socratic approach can potentially result in the disruption of the learning environment due to the lack of sensitivity to the social consequences of public criticism. In addition, Yang (1986) argued that the Socratic Method co uld lead to disorientation in Chinese classrooms because students may not be well prepared to engage in arguments, leading to poor student outcomes. However, there are also instances when a Socratic orientation has merits in Eastern educational contexts, such as when instructors yearn to be questioned (there are times when even Confucius wished that his students doubted his teachings). After examining the impact of each approach in a different culture, Tweed and Lehman (2002) argued that students who are academically bicultural and can adapt their learning approach according to cues in the academic environment may be more successful. Therefore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) agreed with the authors of the previous two articles (Smith Hu, 2011) that educators should encourage both inquiry (Socratic) and thoughtful acquisition (Confucian). This will help students gain knowledge and thinking skills that become useful in many domains beyond the current academic context. Although Tweed and Lehman (2002) did not refer to the above skills explicitly as 21st century skills, it is safe to assume that they would agree with Smith Hu (2013) about their importance too. Furthermore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) argued that students and educators alike may not entirely acknowledge the influence of culture on students’ academic role and behaviors. Wollenburg (1995) had identified the poor treatment of students of Asian descent in Western educational institutions and argued that it is partly due to a lack of understanding of different conceptions of learning. Therefore, Tweed and Lehman (2002) posited that an increased understanding of these conceptions can potentially inform changes at the institutional level that can improve education for all. Before concluding, Tweed and Lehman (2002) suggested several additional avenues for future research. Firstly, they believed that we should explore the nature and feasibility of academic biculturalism. For example, it would be beneficial if we can answer the following question: what distinguishes students who possesses both Confucian Socratic approaches to learning? Secondly, they believed that future research could examine the utility of the Socratic-Confucian framework as an educational tool in both unicultural and cross-cultural environments. Tweed and Lehman (2002) found out through informal discussions with their students that learning about the framework has helped them understand their own approaches to learning and become more flexible learners. I chose this article because it provided more evidence on the benefits of utilizing the integrated approach. In addition, it helped readers understand the ideas of another influential thinker in education, Socrates. Conclusion To conclude, I hope that these three articles can help students in the course develop a more nuanced appreciation of the influence of culture on the different educational philosophies, namely Confucian, Deweyan and Socratic. Rather than simply recognizing that certain educational processes are valued differently across cultures, I hope that students can go on and appreciate the strengths of each of the three educational philosophies and seek to utilize the integrated approach to better serve their students.

Stereotypes :: essays research papers

There are many ways that people are stereotyped in the world today such as being African American (Black), Sexism, and being a homosexual. Stereotypes have gone to the extreme in today’s society and issues must be addressed. Black people are always stereotypes as being from the projects, or being poor and involved with drugs. Not all black people are like that. Just as with every other race that has its downfall of people in poverty so does black people. blacks try to counter the hate and hostility that they encounter with warmth and kindness toward one another such as with Bill Cosby and the Cosby show. Cosby had hoped that the eight season run of a â€Å"nationally treasured† show about an â€Å"educated, professional, intact Black family† would end stereotypical portrayals of African Americans. But still Blacks are portrayed as inferior, unimportant, and void of credibility. But stereotyping doesn’t end there as sexism. Women are always stereotyped. People say such things as "girls are not boys" to "girls are inferior to boys" and thence to "girls should be discriminated against or confined". Women also encounter sexism in the workplace. It is certainly true that there are very few women managers, however this is just a symptom of the general situation of women as a whole, not a cause. The installation of women at the top of a profession won't change the basic ground rules by which society is run. Those women at the top may suffer sexism from their colleagues. They may be ostracized from the old boys network and may find it more difficult to succeed. Women will remain as second class citizens as long as they are relegated to an inferior position in the work force. They are now in that position because to the bosses they are an unstable workforce, likely to want pregnancy leave, likely to come in late if a child is sick, likely to require a crà ¨c he or want to work part time. It is because men in society are seen as the breadwinner that they have more secure, more dependable jobs. When you come down to basics equal education and job opportunities and equal pay amount to little without free 24 hour nurseries and free contraception and abortion on demand. While a small minority of women can buy control of their own fertility, for the majority, family and child care is still as it has always been the largest problem faced by women workers.

Hotel Managers and Stuff Essay

Hotel industry is very popular, and as I think it will exist as long as people will. Traveling- has always been one of the most popular entertainment. Of course it has changed in past view years. But one thing will never change Customer service- is hotels money. People are paying money for being well served. Customers are like children, you always must take good care about them. Hotels differ by the stars. More stars hotel has, the price of the hotel is more expensive. But it does mean that services will be the best. People, because of good service, stay in hotels longer. They like being cared, and sometimes instead of going home, they prefer stay in hotel. Where they don’t have to do house work, don’t have to cook, or worry about anything. Hotel managers and stuff should always put their visitors on first place. As it is said â€Å"That one who pays is right† For businesses, the hospitality is crucial that as a potential customer takes the quality of the services market, that is, when considering the concept of â€Å"quality† in the centre of attention is the individual consumer. The concept of â€Å"quality† from a position of consumers considered by many authors. Some are suited to this concept as follows: â€Å"Quality – is the satisfaction of consumer expectations for the price he can afford when it became necessary. High quality – exceeding consumer expectations for a lower price than he suggests. † In assessing the quality of service consumers to compare what he gave, that he might seek. Expected service represents the expected quality and can relate to individual desires and standards of consumers, with the objective to the expectations, or any other standard of comparison. Evaluation of the service depends on the experience of treatment to producers of such services, from the knowledge services market communication (information from the advertising, media, catalogues, brochures), the personal desires of the consumer and the manufacturer’s image. Screening perception means that the same service is perceived by all its customers in different ways, by their nature, personality, interests, personal qualities, knowledge, and situations in which the consumption of services. Perception of quality may at the time of consumption to adapt to the expectations formed. If the perceived quality deviates slightly from expectations, the consumer adjusts to fit their perception of expectations. But if the perceived service is not fully up to expectations, there is a contrast effect: higher expectations reinforce negative perceptions. That’s why Hotel should always match its description. And do not have to â€Å"embellish† Delivering quality service it is one of the major challenges facing hospitality managers in the opening years of the next

Culture of Chinese Family Stereotype Essay

Taiwan, my mother country, though suffering under complicated identification obscurity, is still applying Chinese culture and values. We still commemorate Chinese New Year, QingMing Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and so forth. We still believe in Confucianism and Chinese ethic moral rules like â€Å" †, â€Å" †, â€Å" , †, to name but a few. In addition, we also share the similar diet culture, since our staple food mostly based on rice and noodles. There are surplus parallels between Taiwanese culture and those adopted in the mother China even though we’ve been separated geographically for centuries. Though Taiwan is politically independent from China, as a Chinese, I would still accept the perspective that I’m belonging to part of the Great Chinese Culture Region( ), as we can call it â€Å"Chinese Family†. Although modern technology and knowledge keep flourishing, people nowadays may think that western culture somehow influence people more, included religion believing , fast food culture, insight of democracy and freedom, western literature, and so on. However, as a Chinese, I can’t deny that Chinese culture did affect our daily living physically and mentally. Many values originated from the ancient people and philosophers, included those in ,,,, still maintain clear and essential in our mind , since we have been taught to follow the concept and the worship the good deeds those ancient sages and virtuous, like Confucius, Zhuangzi, Mencius, Yao and Shun( )†¦ have conducted. â€Å" †, â€Å" †, â€Å" †, â€Å" †, â€Å" , , †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ these values not only affect the way Chinese people think, but also become a sub consciousness which lead to the way we live. As we often emphasis the importance of studying, Chinese parents are willing to spent their whole life working hard so their children can accept better education because they believe the sayings, â€Å" †, â€Å" , †. In contrary, western families take less focus on their children’s academic performance; they would rather think that children should seek out their interest instead of obtaining all A grades at school. Furthermore, it would also affect how parents educate their children, and this educating concept would pass on by generations. And the phenomenon is just the same in Taiwan as that in Mainland. As most Chinese parents always believe and hope their children to be the best( , ), they usually devote more than western parents do, just to provide the best resources for their children. This may somehow spoil a child, too. As Chinese family often pass their fortune to their descendants, rather than considering parents’ fortune as their own, offspring of a wealthy family may no longer eager to achieve his own life goal and seek his own fortune. In contrary, western children usually gain their own fortune by their hand, on their own, which is considered more independent and responsible. There’s a real story of a business man. Because he’s so busy and so was his wife, they’ve decided to send their 13 years old son to New Zealand for a couple of months, and there was a friend named Marry, who could take care of their child. When the child met Marry, the first thing she said was, â€Å"Listen, my sweet heart, I’ll like to notice you that I’m here only to take care of your living, but doesn’t mean I should make you breakfast, do your laundries and dishes, you should do it all by yourself. You’re now 13, which is definitely able to start taking care of yourself. Parents aren’t responsible to look after your whole life; thus, you should be independent from now on. You live your life and I do mine own business, is that clear enough? † After 6 months, while the business man and his wife picked their son back from New Zealand, they’re totally stunned; their son had changed thoroughly mature. He began to make breakfast, woke up early himself and was able to schedule his own life, which he never did before. This dramatically change simply based on how western and eastern parents educate their children. As a result, it leads to the circumstance that western children are usually more independent. In addition, the value of women rights also maintain deeply in Chinese people’s mind, though we are now in a world advocating gender equality. Even nowadays, some people still believe the concept â€Å" †, â€Å" †, â€Å" , , †, but mostly the elders. Thanks to the revolution New Culture Movement ( ) brought to the Chinese society. People started to explore and accept new technology and knowledge, not only the perception of Democracy() and Science( ), but also the new century values. For instance, in the old days, women are forced to bound their feet from their young ages, so that their feet may look tiny and delicate, which ancient Chinese regarded as sexy and beauty. They even worshiped tiny feet as â€Å" †. This social usage only happened in the upper classes which higher status women did not need to deal with tuff tasks that rural area women did. On the other hand, it also lead to the phenomenon that women were having lower social position than men were. But after the New Culture Movement and other further revolutions, women gradually stopped to suffer from the pain bounding feet brought to them, and started to handle more housework; little by little, women’s social status had been raised. When it comes to the argument of women’s right and discrimination, it’s no doubt that Chinese ancient culture and concept have deeply influenced the way the majority behaves. Not only in Mainland, but also the whole Chinese cultural region, included Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, and other South East Asian countries. Take Japan as an example, Japanese girls are well known for their virtuous behavior, while men are quite accustomed to chauvinism( ). This may be somewhat resulted from the old sayings originated from China; for instance, â€Å" , †, â€Å" †, and so on. However, women status obviously do rise in this century, modern parents may be more willing to give birth to a girl because they may think girls are sweeter than boys, ignoring the stereotype that having a boy is better than a girl. This stereotype is resulted from the traditional custom that boys are able to pass the family name, while girls no longer belongs to the family after they’re married. Plus, this is also a chief reason why ancient Chinese family sent a boy to school rather than a girl, cause only when a boy achieve high social status after , will the whole family gain benefits. Thus, brought out a novel which the feminine role have to disguise herself as a guy so as to be able to pursue education. We can see that phenomenon changes not only in giving birth to a baby, but also in education providing. In the old times, there were mostly boys that could access complete education instead of girls, but now, we may even discover that the numbers of girls are surprisingly higher than boys. Which some researches declaim that it’s because girls are innately more careful and thoughtful than boys are. The case is similar in industries and working places, more and more â€Å"Iron ladies† exist and keep on controlling the whole company, which may be more success than men. What’s more there’re even throngs of specific phrases for modern women, like â€Å" — †, â€Å" †, â€Å" †(which refers to women that haven’t married but are successful in their carriers), and so forth. There is an awkward circumstance that women in upper social status are mostly unmarried, and so as men within lower social status. This is due to two main reasons; first, women education is relatively emphasized than that in the past; second, traditional concept has that a woman should marry a man better than she is. As the result, a woman graduated from high school may marry a man finished college studying; woman finished college studying may marry a guy accomplished graduated school; woman accomplished graduated school marry a PHD guy; and a PHD woman may marry a professor; then who will a female professor marry? Obviously not a guy graduated from high school! This worrying case lead to a sad ending, which then somehow may strictly proofed the saying â€Å" †. However, to my opinion, I think this is a controversial issue because being married involves mostly on love itself, we shouldn’t blame it all to the Chinese cultural effects. But frankly speaking, we can’t ignore truth that these old sayings somehow match to the phenomena we’re now facing. Even though women are now capable enough to compare with men in industry fields, there still exist â€Å" †, which means however hard women try, the promotion rate and the salaries are relatively lower than that of men’s. This may also be an outcome of the Chinese stereotypes that men are more capable then women are when it comes to work. For conclusion, old Chinese concepts really influence modern society deeply in an unmeasurable degree. All in all, although ancient Chinese empires had faded into history, glorious kingdoms had turned into dust, brilliant philosophy of ancient saints only exist in books now, the influence they brought to this Chinese world still remain and just couldn’t be erased from our mind. Chinese culture and ancient concepts couldn’t be ignored. They’re now the biggest part of our life because they’re what we come from, and what foster us. It’s our soul, our mother characteristic. Also, they’re things that allow us to identify ourselves as a member of this huge â€Å"Chinese Family†. And because it’s uniqueness and specialties, we’re always able to find our loyalties. In this complex culture integrated world, finding a sense of belonging is really important, because it may make us feel comfortable and gleeful to be part of this big family. We can even say that, without Chinese culture, we can’t be who we are now. Cherish our culture and maintain it well so as to pass the Chinese spirit on and on is what our generation should do. Despite of focusing and arguing on whether I’m a Taiwanese or a Chinese, It’s more vital and meaningful to define myself as a member part of Chinese culture. I’m from Taiwan, and I’m a Chinese. I’m proud of my identity; I’m proud of this Chinese family I belong to. It’s where my mind and spirit mature, where my ancestor struggled for their lives and for the next generation, for us.

Leadership Style Essay

Background of CEO According to Xerox. com (2013) Ursula Burns joined Xerox in 1980 as a Mechanical Engineering summer intern. In the company pivotal point, Burns led several business teams to include the color and office network printing business. In 2000, Burns was named senior vice president corporate strategic Services heading up manufacturing and supply chain operations. And in 2009, Burns was named the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in July 2009 and made the largest acquisition in Xerox history with the 6. 4 billion dollar purchase of Affiliated Computer Services. Ursula Burns was the first African-American women CEO to head a fortune 500 company. Burns also was the first to succeed another woman CEO. Analyze the CEO Leadership Style Burns climbed the corporate ladder to the mountain top of Xerox. Burns employee’s claims that Burns is open, grounded, and down to earth. Edmondson-Bell (2010) stated regardless of her race and gender, Burns is an example of the new breed of authentic, self-aware corporate leadership (Edmondson-Bell, 2010). In most organizations the CEO is considered to be stiff and unapproachable. According to Schermerhorn (2012) leadership appears in two forms formal and informal leadership. Formal leadership exerted by persons appointed or elected to a position. Informal leadership exerted persons who become influential because of special skills that meet the needs of others (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns is a true leader who earned the support of her stall and employees of Xerox. Burn’s remaining grounded and being transparent in the business matters of Xerox keeps her leadership style sort after in the marketplace. In business, part of your success in your career is having a mentor. Burns utilize her very own mother as her mentor. According to Tseng (2011) Burns admired her mother for raising her and two siblings as a single parent and in a not so good area in Lower Manhattan, New York. One of the most important lessons Burns learned is do what you love (Tseng, 2011). This type of mindset is what carried Burns up to the top of her organization. Burns took over a company that was struggling to complete with Ricoh and Cannon. The worker of Xerox found that their future was uncertain. Burns change the uncertainty to certainty in the work environment. According to Colvin (2010) Burns speaks boldly and bluntly in a famously and overly genteel culture (Colvin, 2010). Burns made needed and dramatic action to turn Xerox around to become a profitable and striving company. Personal and Organizational Values Burns personal and organization value is reputation. According to Sellers (2012) Burns knows that personal experience how reputation can make or break a corporation (Sellers, 2012). Having a good reputation is essential to business success. When success in a corporate setting is sometime measured by the amount of money made a bad reputation could affect the organizations financially. A reputation can be destroyed in a matter of minutes. Burns focus on what she is facing. According to Schermerhorn (2012) power-oriented behavior is action directed primarily at developing or using relationships in which other people are willing to defer to one’s wishes (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns uses here unique relationship to give the organization an upfront approach. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that empowerment is the process by which management help others to acquire and use the power needed to make decisions affecting themselves and their work (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns empowers her employees, which will cause a since of belonging. Burns focuses on personal fulfillment rather than on things. Ethical Behavior Burns values are likely to influence ethical behavior within the organization. According to Xerox. com (2013) Burns started that this is a time to be at our most vigilant and even more aware of the importance of ethical behavior and uphold the organization’s core values (Xerox. com, 2013). Burns values were instilled in her by her mother. Burns direct approach will influence others to hold ethical behavior to high regards. Burns has been the organization leader when comes to ethical practices. Seidman (2010) stated that there is a high demand for ethical leadership, yet there is short supply (Seidman, 2010). Burns will be considered the one that is in that short supply category. Seidman (2010) also stated that ethical leadership extend trust to their workers, creating the conditions necessary to empower employees, suppliers and even customers to take risks necessary to create game changing innovations (Seidman, 2010). Burns believes in empowerment of her employees. Burns lead with impatience while still maintaining focus. Burns is a woman from a low income family in New York to one of the most powerful women, according to several publications. Gaete (2012) mentioned that Burns keys to lead with impatience are education, impatience to push change, focus, move towards the future, transform, be direct to achieve, empower your people, and don’t take short-cut (Gaete, 2012). Burns value will definitely influence others to be ethical. Schermerhorn (2012) wrote that ethical leadership is characterized by caring, honest, principled, fair, and balanced choices by individuals who act ethically, set clear ethical standards, communicate about ethics with followers and reward as well as punish others based on ethical or unethical conduct (Schermerhorn, 2012). Greatest Strength and Weaknesses Burns is a very successful CEO and a powerful corporate leader. Burns has took advantage of a changing industry and made to correct adjustments to be successful. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that leaders deal with mastering challenges of change while creating a satisfying healthy and effective workplace for its employees (Schermerhorn, 2012). Every human or individual has strength and weaknesses. Burns greatest strengths are impatience, hard work and value based leadership. According to Basu (2013) leader strengths are when leaders communicate direction to the organization, clearly, organize groups for particular tasks and define roles and have a structured work environment (Basu, 2013). Burns strengths are connected to professional behavior and ethical practices. Burns impatience’s is translated into boldness action for the higher purpose of Xerox to be led and to take risks. Xerox acquisition of Affiliated Computer Services transformed Xerox to be one of the leaders in business services and technology. Burns works hard, focus and deliver results. Burns came from being a summer intern to being a CEO of the same Company. Burns articulate her values to the organization often and loudly. Burns lives by her beliefs and make daily business decisions on personal and professional values. Every leader has weaknesses and Burns is no exception. Basu (2013) stated that weaknesses of a tasks oriented style of leader fear of breaking the rules among employees which may cause a lack of creativity. Low morale, and high turnover (Basu, 2013), Burns has a deep industry knowledge, but Burns also has frankness, sharp humor and willingness to take risks. These traits can be a display as weakness. These traits can be misconstrued as a brash individual who only thinks of oneself. Contributes to Leader’s Success The quality that contributed to Burns success is her drive to affect change and do it ethically. According to Mehta (2012) all executives walk a fine line between being collaborative and being the boss (Mehta, 2012). Burns has many great qualities that made her successful in the industry. Burns was the first black female CEO of a major corporation. Burns story of her rise from low income family to CEO of Xerox is contributed to her drive to be successful. According to Peck (2011) Burns recommended six keys to leadership; be authentic, listen, recognize the you can’t do everything yourself, take a stand, measure, and have fun (Peck, 2011). Burns is very successful, but has a contagious drive in which her exuded. Burns worked hard at every level and the opportunity presented itself for CEO. Burns believes in education and working hard no matter where you are in your career. Assess Dynamics Burns has made it a priority to use communication, collaboration, empowerment and politics to influence the dynamics of Xerox. According to Bryant (2010) Burns grew up in the organization and is well known by many of the employees of the company (Bryant, 2010). Burns has changed the culture to a family oriented environment. Burns operates by having an executive team to assist in making business decisions for the organizations. Burns also have panels of employees to get their prospective on a particular business issue. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that collaborative environments are characterized by boundary less information flows more open and transparent communication, and more supportive communication dynamics (Schermerhorn, 2012). Burns describes her approach to the culture as terminal niceness. Bryant (2010) stated that Burns wants all 130,000 employees to get over the past, take initiative, be fearless, frank and impatient with one another (Bryant, 2010). The politics of being the first African American female CEO is something that comes with the position. According to Bryant (2010) Burns misread the public reaction when she was named CEO. Burns started receiving phone calls from people of the caliber of Reverend Jesse Jackson, Reverend Al Sharpton and Magic Johnson (Bryant, 2010). The appointment to CEO put Burns in the public eye due to the historical meaning of her appointment. Burns was also named by President Obama to help lead the White House national program on STEM (science, technology, engineering and math). Burns was appointed vice chair of the President’s Export Council as well. Conclusion Burns was the right person for the CEO position at Xerox. Burns’ style of leadership is what the company needed during a difficult time. Burns straight forward and blunt approach proved to be the style that bring conformation of stability. Burns achieved in many way and made history in the process. A person who stayed focus and work hard to achieve her goal. This is why Xerox is one of the computer services giant in the computer software industry. Schermerhorn (2012) stated that it is important to remember that people still drive organizational systems and performance (Schermerhorn, 2012).